重庆天原化工总厂“4．16”事故人员疏散调查研究

本文选择2004年4月16日重庆天原化工总厂发生的氯气泄漏爆炸事故，运用问卷和访谈对当时的人员疏散情况进行了现场调查，运用SPSS软件对问卷调查结果进行分析，发现疏散人员事先的中毒或疏散经历有助于缩短疏散准备时间，而心理顾虑对疏散准备有不利影响。基于调查分析结果，提出可以通过选择合适的通知主体与通知方式，合理利用疏散人员的从众心理，开展疏散演习和宣传教育活动，消除疏散人员的心理顾虑等措施提高疏散行动效率；并认为此次事故中的部分人员不疏散、不选择政府设立的避难所作为疏散目的地、疏散时喜好选择最熟悉的路径、疏散中途返家以及疏散过程中以步行方式撤离为主等现象值得今后开展区域疏散分析时注意。     

沉积磷在不同pH水平下的释放与转化规律

为了探讨沉积磷在不同pH条件下的转化及释放行为,有效控制内源磷向水体释放,一定程度上缓解因内源污染导致的水体富营养化问题,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了pH值对沉积物中不同形态磷元素释放与转化的影响.实验研究了在不同pH水平下,沉积物中内源磷的相互转化及向水体释放的总磷(TP)、总溶解磷(TSP)、溶解反应磷(SRP)、总反应磷(TRP)、溶解水解磷(SHP)等5种形态磷的含量.结果表明,受试沉积物样品TP含量为760 mg/kg,属于中等富营养化水平; pH值是影响内源磷释放的重要因素,pH在5～9之间,沉积物中5种形态磷的释放水平较低; 酸性范围内,pH=3的极端酸性条件下,沉积磷释放量最大,在连续38 d的释放时间内,TP最大释放量可达1.47 mg/kg; 在pH=11的极端碱性条件下,能大幅提高沉积磷的释放量,其中TP释放量最高达14.27 mg/kg; 对于同一pH值,除SHP外 ,其余4种形态磷的释放量随时间的变化趋势大体一致,不同pH值对沉积磷形态含量之间的转化影响不明显; SHP受沉积物吸附表面积动态变化影响较明显.     

赤泥在控制沉积物磷释放中的应用研究

利用烧结法赤泥中富含Ca、Fe等金属元素的氧化物而具有吸附性的特点，通过室内模拟研究赤泥投加对沉积物中各种磷形态含量及分布比例的影响，进而探讨利用赤泥控制沉积物中磷释放的可行性。对经过处理后的沉积物磷形态分析后表明，投加赤泥能促使沉积物中铁铝磷向钙磷转化（Pearson相关分析，r=-0.892，P<0.01，n=9），且赤泥的强碱性使沉积物pH值逐渐升高。确定了赤泥最佳投加比例为5%，此时沉积物的pH为9.03，铁铝磷含量由初始的148 mg/kg降至107 mg/kg，占总磷比例也由18.1%降至13.4%，钙磷含量由486 mg/kg升至546 mg/kg，其占总磷比例则由60%增至68.7%，铁铝磷和钙磷之间的转化已基本完成，继续增加赤泥投加量对沉积物中磷形态间的相互转化影响甚微。由于铁铝磷较钙磷活性高而易释放，可见投加赤泥能降低沉积物中磷的释放风险。赤泥可以作为吸附材料被应用于沉积物磷污染控制技术中，为有效控制水体内源磷负荷提供一种新思路和廉价材料。     

Research Training for Releasable Animals

Abstract:  Restrictions on training potentially releasable animals such as those undergoing rehabilitation care or wild-caught captives have limited our understanding of sensory processes, cognition, and physiology important for conservation of species. It is common practice among several U.S. federal agencies to limit training of animals available for release. The behavioral argument justifying this practice is that training habituates subjects to people and conditions them to associate people with rewards such as food; habituation to and positive associations with people will lead animals into dangerous situations after their release. If under special circumstances research training is permitted, all trained behaviors must be extinguished before release because behaviors will transfer to the natural setting. Research on animal learning and memory indicates that these may not be accurate scenarios. A review of the literature on habituation, classical and instrumental conditioning, and compound conditioning suggests that learning within a research setting does not add to learning that already occurs in procedures associated with basic feeding and care. In fact, animals probably learn less about people in a training setting. Furthermore, context-specific effects on memory limit behavior transfer from captive to natural settings. Extinction is strongly susceptible to context effects, which suggests that extinction does not effectively transfer to the postrelease setting. Counterintuitively, extinction of responses to experimental stimuli under some circumstances may enhance undesirable learning about humans. Under those circumstances in which isolation from human contact is difficult or undesirable, behavioral research can present an ideal format for minimizing learning about humans and provide biological information important for conservation.     

The Influence of Anthropogenic Contamination On Metals Release From Coastal Sediment Suspensions with Aerated Sea Water

The zinc, cadmium, copper and lead release from the uncontaminated and contaminated coastal sediments with aerated sea water was studied. the metals transfer to the dissolved forms was monitored during one-two months by differential pulse anodic voltammetry (DPASV). the sediments with different initial degree of contamination were sampled in the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan around Vladivostok-the biggest city in Russian Far East. Sediment contamination by metals led to increased release to solution of zinc due to sulphide oxidation and cadmium on account of organic matter decomposition. the copper behaviour was complicated by strong binding with organic matter and enhancements of copper release can only be seen in sediment with a low organic matter content. Significant lead transfer to dissolved forms was not observed regardless of sediment contamination. the temperature affected the release of cadmium and copper through enhanced organic matter destruction. the dissolved metal fluxes from the sediment transformation are compared with metal fluxes towards bottom. Such comparisons show that second contamination by dissolved metals of the studied coastal environment may be important for cadmium only.     

南方某城市供水管网红水原因调查与研究

针对南方某城市供水管网经常出现红水现象,对实际供水管网进行了调查.从某城市供水管网中连续取样检测溶解氧、余氯、铁浓度、锰浓度、铁细菌和亚硝酸菌等重要水质指标,目的是探讨管网出现红水的原因.结果表明,管网出现红水地区的沉淀物主要成分为铁、锰,出厂水存在锰超标现象（Mn最大值达到0.33 mg.L-1）,4个水厂出厂水拉森指数均〉1,4个水厂供水量及硫酸盐、电导率等供水水质指标存在较大的差别,管网中铁细菌及亚硝酸菌（100～103MPN.mL-1）存在水平较高.因此,出厂水本身腐蚀性是导致管网出现红水的潜在原因;其次,各水厂供水量和水质差异导致管网水在低溶解氧及低余氯条件下易发生红水现象;再者,管网中硝化作用严重,诱发微生物腐蚀供水管道.为此,针对上述原因提出控制管网红水现象的主要措施.     

风浪扰动中太湖OA对水体磷循环影响的原位实验研究

在一次风速12 m.s-1的强风浪过程中,对太湖梅梁湾一浅水区水体有机聚集体（organic aggregates,OA）丰度、颗粒态有机质含量、碳、氮和磷含量等基本理化性质的变化情况进行了连续的原位监测和分析,同时分析了基本的水质指标.结果表明,风浪过程会对水体OA的理化性质及水体的磷循环产生极大的影响：在风浪过程中...     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on mercury release from water body

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the process of mercury release from water body. In this study, the influence of DOM from different sources (DOMR, DOMS and DOMH, extracted from rice straw, compost and humic soil respectively) on mercury reduction was investigated. The molecular weight distribution and chemical composition of DOM from each source were determined using ultrafiltration membrane technique and elemental analysis respectively. The result showed that mercury release from DOM-added samples was much lower than the control; the lowest mercury release flux was observed in the treatment of DOMH, 25.02% of the control, followed by DOMS and DOMR, 62.46% and 64.95% of the control, respectively. The higher saturation degree and lower molecular weight of DOMH was responsible for the highest inhibition degree on the mercury release. The link between DOMH, concentration and mercury flux was also estimated and the result showed that mercury flux was increased with DOMH at lower concentration, while decreased with DOMH at higher concentration. Different mechanism dominated the influence of DOM on mercury release with variation of DOM concentration.     

A new method of inhibiting pollutant release from source water reservoir sediment by adding chemical stabilization agents combined with water-lifting aerator

A new method of adding chemical stabilization agents combined with water-lifting aerator can inhibit pollutant release from source water reservoir sediment effectively.     

气相色谱质谱-内标法检测油漆中苯系物

以氯苯为内标物,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对油漆中苯系物的检测技术进行了研究,考察了主要苯系物的线性、回收率和精密度情况,开发出一种同时检测油漆中六种苯系物的高灵敏度方法。对样品的色谱分离条件、提取溶剂、定量方法及内标物选择等进行了优化,实现了一次进样同时定性定量检测油漆中6种苯系物。六种苯系物在1.0~500.0μg/mL范围内线性良好,各种苯系物的标准工作曲线线性相关系数0.995 4~0.999 8;在100.0~500.0μg/mL浓度范围内,加标回收率在85.01%~107.44%之间,精密度在2.58%~12.43%之间;5种苯系物组分中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间(对)二甲苯、邻二甲苯的最小检测浓度(按三倍信噪比)分别为0.01、0.002、0.05、0.05、0.05μg/mL。该方法灵敏度较高,所得数据准确,是一种检测油漆等化工品中苯及同系物含量的有效方法。